>C. Waxay ka qaybqaataan falcelinta synthetic waxayna kiciyaan isku-darka laba molecules iyagoo isla mar ahaantaana jebiya isku xirka diphosphate ee ATP ama triphosphate kale oo la mid ah. >

Iskudhisyada noolaha, synthases waa ligases kasta oo kicinaya isku-dhafka noolaha iyada oo aan la isticmaalin ATP sida isha tamarta.Maqaalkan, waxaad si sax ah u ogaan doontaa farqiga u dhexeeya Synthase iyo Synthetase.

Waa maxay Synthase?

Synthase waa ensaymes ka caawiya habka isku-dhafka ee biochemistry. Maskaxda ku hay in magac-u-yaalka bayoolojiga uu markii hore kala soocay synthetases iyo synthases.

Iyadoo la raacayo qeexitaanka asalka ah, synthetases waxay isticmaalaan triphosphates nucleoside (sida ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, iyo UTP) sida isha tamarta halka synthases aysan samayn.

Sidoo kale eeg: Waa maxay Farqiga u dhexeeya Lo'da, Dibi, Buffalo, iyo Dibi? (La Sharaxay) - Dhammaan Kala Duwanaanshaha

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida laga soo xigtay Guddiga Wadajirka ah ee Nomenclature Biochemical (JCBN), "synthase" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tixraaco enzyme kasta oo kicinaya isku-dhafka (iyadoon loo eegin haddii ay shaqaaleysiiso triphosphates nucleoside), laakiin "synthetase" " waa in loo isticmaalo oo kaliya in lagu tilmaamo "ligase."

Halkan waa liis tusaalooyin ah noocyada kala duwan ee synthase:

>
• ATP synthase
> Citrate synthase
• Tryptophanwaxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo enzyme kasta oo kicinaya isku-dhafka (iyada oo aan loo eegin haddii ay shaqaaleysiiso triphosphates nucleoside), laakiin "synthetase" waa in loo isticmaalo oo kaliya si loo tixraaco "ligase."

  Farqiga u dhexeeya Synthase iyo Synthetase waa in Synthetase ay tahay qoys ka kooban enzymes oo laga yaabo inay abuuraan isku-xirnaanta u dhexeeya molecules, halka Synthase uu yahay enzyme> Synthetase > > Waxay kicisaa hab-socodka synthetic oo aan lahayn ATP >Waxay u baahan tahay ATP > >> Waxay hoos timaadaa faashad ama kala-soocidda wareejinta 18>> Waxay hoos timaadaa kala-soocidda ligase > >> tusaale. HMG-COA synthase, ATP synthase tusaale. Succiny1-COA synthetase, Glutamine

  synthetase

  > >

  Synthase vs Synthetase Isbarbardhigga

  Gabagabo

  • Synthetases uma baahna NTP-yada si ay u shaqeeyaan tan iyo markii ay kiciyeen hababka synthetic ee u baahan hydrolysis ee triphosphates nucleoside (ma aha si fudud ATP).
  • Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Guddiga Magacaabista Biochemistry ayaa bedelay qeexida synthase sannadihii 1980-meeyadii si ay u koobaan dhammaan enzymes-ka synthetic, haddii ay isticmaalaan NTP-yada iyo haddii kale, iyo synthetase waxay la mid noqdeen ligase. tamarta NTP hydrolysis (sida caadiga ah iyada oo loo marayo uumifalcelin).
  >
  synthase
• Pseudouridine synthase
• Fatty acid synthase
• Cellulose synthase (UDP-samaynta)
• Cellulose synthase

  ATP Synthase

  Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) iyo fosfatada inorganic ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo abuuro molecule kaydinta tamarta adenosine triphosphate (ATP) borotiinka loo yaqaan ATP synthase (Pi). >

  Waxa loo kala saaray sidii ligase maadaama ay wax ka beddeshay ADP iyada oo samaynaysa isku xidhka P-O (Bondhiga Fosfodiester). Qalabka molecular ee loo yaqaan 'ATP synthase'.

  Tamar-xikmad leh, wax-soo-saarka ATP ee ADP iyo Pi waa mid aan la rabin, iyo habka caadiga ah wuxuu u socdaa si kale.

  Brotoonka (H+) ee xooga saarista guud ahaan xuubka mitochondrial gudaha ee eukaryotes ama xuubka balasmaha ee bakteeriyada ayaa horay u dhaqaajisa falcelintan iyada oo isku xidhaysa isku dhafka ATP inta lagu jiro neefsashada gacanta ee gradient.

  Dhirta dhexdeeda, ATP synthase waxay isticmaashaa gradient proton ah oo ka samaysmay lumen thylakoid ee xuubka thylakoid iyo chromoplast stroma si ay u soo saarto ATP inta lagu jiro photosynthesis.

  ATPase, eukaryotic ATP synthases waa F -ATPases u shaqeeya "sida kale." Noocan ayaa ugu horreyn looga hadlay maqaalkan. Qaybaha FO iyo F1 ee F-ATPase waxay leeyihiin farsamo wareeg ah oo awood u siinaya isku dhafka ATP.

  12> 0> Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo Synthase

  1> Ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan unugyada noolaha waxaa ku jira enzyme citrate synthaseKaas oo u shaqeeya sidii qalab-qaade ah tallaabada ugu horreysa ee wareegga citric acid waxaana loo qoondeeyey E.C. 2.3.3.1 (hore 4.1.3.7). (ama wareegga Krebs).

  Citrate synthase waxay ku taallaa mitirka mitochondrial ee unugyada eukaryotic, in kasta oo DNA-da nukliyeerka ah, ee aan ahayn DNA-da mitochondrial, ay ku dhejiso.

  Waxa lagu abuuray cytoplasmic ribosomes cytoplasmic ka dibna u guuray matrix mitochondrial

  Astaanta enzyme tirada caadiga ah ee jiritaanka mitochondria aan sax ahayn waa citrate synthase. Dhaqdhaqaaqa ugu sarreeya ee citrate synthase wuxuu muujinayaa inta mitochondria ee ku jira muruqa lafaha.

  Tababarka dhex-dhexaadka ah ee xoogga badan ayaa awood u leh in uu kor u qaado dhaqdhaqaaqa ugu sarreeya marka loo eego tababarka dulqaadka ama tababarka muddada-dheer ee muddada dheer. -carbon oxaloacetate condens si uu u dhaliyo lix-carbon citrate, kaas oo ay soo saarto falcelinta uumiga by citrate synthase.

  Katalyzed by enzyme tryptophan synthase, sidoo kale loo yaqaan tryptophan synthetase.

  Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, iyo Plantae ayaa inta badan marti u ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Animalia ma laha. Caadi ahaan, waxay u muuqataa sida 2 2 tetramer.

  Qayb-hoosaadyadu waxay kiciyaan beddelka beddelka ee indole-3-glycerol phosphateIndole iyo glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (IGP).

  Habka ku-tiirsanaanta pyridoxal fosfate (PLP), qayb-hoosaadyadu waxay kiciyaan uumiga aan laga noqon karin ee indole iyo serine si ay u dhaliyaan tryptophan.

  Kanalka hydrophobic gudaha ah kaas oo dhererkiisu yahay 25 angstroms kuna yaal enzyme wuxuu isku xiraa goob kasta oo firfircoon ilaa goobta firfircoon ee ku xigta.

  waxay si toos ah ugu fiddaa goobaha kale ee firfircoon. Tryptophan synthase waxay ka kooban tahay goobo firfircoon oo isku xiran.

  Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, iyo Plantae ayaa inta badan la ogaadaa inay ku jiraan tryptophan synthase. Dad iyo duunyo kale ayaa ka maqan.

  Mid ka mid ah sagaalka amino acids ee lagama maarmaanka u ah aadanaha, tryptophan waa mid ka mid ah labaatanka amino acids ee caadiga ah. Sidaa darteed Tryptophan waa lama huraan u ah cuntada bini'aadamka.

  Waxa kale oo la og yahay in tryptophan synthetase ay isticmaali karto analogs indole, sida fluorinated ama methylated indoles, sida substrates si ay u soo saaraan analogs tryptophan u dhigma.

  Pseudouridine 11>

  Xarafka Giriigga psi- waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo gaabiyo pseudouridine, isomer ka mid ah uridine nucleoside ah kaas oo uracilku uu ku biirayo atamka kaarboon ee isku xidhka kaarboon-carbon halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa isku xidhka nitrogen-carbon glycosidic. (Uracil waxaa mararka qaarkood loogu yeeraa "pseudouracil" habkan.) > 3> RNA ugu baahsanBeddelka unugyada RNA waa pseudouridine. RNA waxa ay mari kartaa in ka badan 100 isbeddel oo kiimiko ahaan gaar ah inta lagu guda jiro qorista iyo soo saarista.

  Marka lagu daro afarta nucleotide ee caadiga ah, kuwani waxa laga yaabaa inay saameeyaan muujinta RNA qoraal ahaan ka dib oo ay ku leeyihiin tiro hawlo ah unugga, oo ay ku jiraan tarjumaada RNA, meelaynta, iyo xasilloonida.

  Mid ka mid ah kuwan waa pseudouridine, isomer C5-glycoside of uridine oo leh isku xidhka C-C ee u dhexeeya C1 ee sokorta ribose iyo C5 ee uracil oo ku jira dammaanadda caadiga ah ee C1-N1 ee ku jirta uridine.

  Waxay leedahay dhaqdhaqaaq wareeg ah oo dheeri ah iyo dabacsanaan la jaanqaadi karo sababtoo ah curaarta CC. Intaa waxaa dheer, booska N1 ee pseudouridine wuxuu leeyahay deeq-bixiye dammaanad hydrogen oo dheeraad ah.

  Pseudouridine, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan 5-ribosyluracil, waa qayb la yaqaan oo weli dahsoon oo ka mid ah RNA-yada qaabdhismeedka (wareejinta, ribosomal, nukliyeer yar (snRNA), iyo nucleolar yar). Waxa dhawaan laga helay codaynta RNA sidoo kale.

  Waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee la ogaado, waa tan ugu baahsan, waxaana laga heli karaa dhammaan saddexda qaybood ee horumarka nolosha. Khamiirka tRNA, pseudouridine waxay ka dhigtaa qiyaastii 4% nucleotide

  >Iyada oo loo marayo samaynta curaarta hydrogen ee dheeraadka ah ee biyaha, beddelka saldhigani wuxuu awoodaa inuu dejiyo RNA oo kor u qaado isugaynta saldhiga. > tirada pseudouridines waxay ku koraan kakanaanta noolaha. Waxaa jira 11 pseudouridinesrRNA ee Escherichia coli, 30 ee cytoplasmic rRNA ee khamiirka, hal isbeddel ku yimid mitochondrial 21S rRNA, iyo qiyaastii 100 ee rRNA ee aadanaha. waxayna dejinaysaa qaab dhismeedka gobolka waxayna ka caawisaa ilaalinta doorkooda mRNA-ka-dejinta, isku-xidhka ribosomeka, habaynta, iyo tarjumaada.

  Waxaa la muujiyay in pseudouridine ee snRNA ay hagaajiso is-dhexgalka u dhexeeya pre-mRNA iyo spliceosomal RNA si ay uga caawiso nidaaminta kala goynta.

  Fatty Acid Synthase

  > FASN Hidde-sidayaasha ku jira bini'aadamka ayaa qeexaya enzyme loo yaqaan 'fatty acid synthase' (FAS). Barootiinka enzyme-ka badan ee loo yaqaan fatty acid synthase wuxuu kiciyaa isku-dhafka asiidh dufanka leh. >

  Waa nidaamka enzymatic oo dhan, ma aha oo kaliya hal ensaymes, oo ka kooban laba isku mid ah oo ah 272 kDa polypeptides oo kala wareejinaya substrate-ka hal domain shaqaynayo ilaa kan xiga.

  Shaqadeeda aasaasiga ah waa in ay isticmaasho NADPH si ay u kiciso abuurista palmitate (C16: 0, aashitada dufanka buuxa ee silsiladda dheer) ee acetyl- iyo malonyl-CoA

  Acetyl-CoA iyo malonyl -CoA waxa loo beddelaa asiidh dufan ah iyada oo loo marayo isku xigxiga hababka uumi Claisen decarboxylative.

  Ka dib wareeg kasta oo dheeri ah, ketoreductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), iyo enoyl reductase waxay u shaqeeyaan si isku xigta si ay hoos ugu dhigaan kooxda beta keto si ay u noqdaan silsilad kaarboon oo dhammaystiran.(ER).

  Marka silsiladda aashitada dufanku ay korto ilaa 16 kaarboon ah, waxa lagu sii daayaa ficilka thioesterase (TE), kaas oo si wada jir ah ugu xidhan kooxda phosphopantetheine prosthetic group ee borotiinka side (ACP) (palmitic acid)

  Cellulose Synthase (UDP-Forming)

  >

  Ensayemka aasaasiga ah ee ka masuulka ah soo saarista cellulose waa cellulose synthase (EC 2.4.1.12) oo ah qaabka UDP-samaynta. Guud ahaan waxa loo yaqaan UDP-glucose: (1→4) Enzymology's 4-D-glucosyltransferase for D-glucan.

  GDP-glucose waxaa isticmaala ensaymes la xidhiidha oo loo yaqaan cellulose synthase (GDP- samaynaysa) (EC 2.4.1.29). Bakteeriyada iyo dhirta labaduba waxay leeyihiin xubno ka tirsan qoyskan enzymes.

  Xubnaha bakteeriyada waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa BcsA (bakteeriyada cellulose synthase) ama CelA, halka xubnaha dhirta loo yaqaan 'CesA' .

  CesA waxaa helay dhirta taasoo ka dhalatay endosymosis-ka taasoo keentay chloroplast-ka. Qoyska 2 ee glucosyltransferases waxaa ka mid ah kan (GT2)

  Inta badan noolaha dhulka waxaa lagu soo saaraa biosynthesis iyo hydrolysis by enzymes loo yaqaan glycosyltransferases. todoba qoys oo hoose, iyo isku darka dhirta-algal superfamily waxay ka kooban tahay 10.

  Kooxda xayawaanka kaliya ee leh enzyme-kan waaurochordates, kuwaas oo ku helay iyada oo loo marayo wareejinta hidde-sidaha tooska ah in ka badan 530 milyan oo sano ka hor.

  Cellulose Synthase (GDP-Forming)

  > Insaymkani waa xubin ka mid ah qoyska hexosyltransferase ee glycosyltransferases. Fasalkan enzymka waxaa loo tixraacaa magaciisa sayniska, GDP-glucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase.

  Magacyada kale ee inta badan la isticmaalo waa cellulose synthase (guanosine diphosphate-forming), cellulose synthetase, iyo guanosine diphosphoglucose-1,4-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase. Insaymiskani wuxuu ka qayb qaataa dheef-shiid kiimikaadka sukrose iyo istaarijka

  Waa maxay Synthetase?

  Ereyga "synthetase," oo mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan "ligase," waxa loola jeedaa mid kasta oo ka mid ah fasal qiyaastii 50 enzymes kuwaas oo kicinaya falcelinta tamarta-ilaalinta kiimikada oo dhexdhexaadisa dhacdooyinka burburka tamarta-cuntada iyo wax soo saarka. hababka synthetic.

  Marka la jebiyo curaarta fosfooraska tamarta leh, waxay soo saaraan tamarta lagama maarmaanka ah si ay u kiciyaan isku darka laba molecules (xaalad badan, iyadoo isku mar la beddelayo adenosine triphosphate [ATP] loona beddelo adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) .

  Sidoo kale eeg: Alchemist Fullmetal VS Fullmetal Alchemist: Walaaltinimada - Dhammaan Farqiga u dhexeeya

  Ligase loo yaqaan amino acid-RNA ligase waa mid kicinaysa abuurista isku xidhka kaarboon-oxygen ee u dhexeeya wareejinta RNA iyo amino acid.

  Marka enzymes qaarkood, sida amide synthetases, iyo peptide synthetases, ay firfircoon yihiin, carbon-nitrogen (C-N)3>

  Synthetase waxa kale oo loo yaqaan Ligase

  > Farqiga u dhexeeya Synthetase iyo Synthase

  laba molecules oo waaweyn iyada oo la abuurayo curaarta cusub ee kiimikaad, sida caadiga ah iyada oo isku mar ah hydrolysis koox yar oo kiimiko ah oo ku yaal mid ka mid ah molecules waaweyn, ama waxay kicin kartaa isku xirka laba qaybood, sida ku biirista C-O, C-S, C-N, iwm. .

  Ligase-ku wuxuu caadi ahaan keena fal-celinta soo socota:

  >
• A-C + b = Ab + C
• A+D + B + C + D + E + F = Ab + cD
>

>Halka ay ku tiirsan yihiin, koox-kooxeedyada yaryar ayaa lagu matalo xarfo yaryar. Ligase waxay hagaajin kartaa jajabyada hal-xadhigle ah ee ka soo baxa DNA-da laba-geesoodka ah inta lagu jiro taranka iyo sidoo kale isku xirka laba jajab oo nukleic acid ah. Waxay ku jiraan qaybta lyases iyadoo loo eegayo kala soocida lambarka EC.

Magacaabista

> Maskaxda ku hay in magac-u-yaalka nafleyda ay markii hore kala sooceen synthetases iyo synthases. Iyadoo la raacayo qeexitaanka asalka ah, synthetases waxay isticmaalaan triphosphates nucleosides (sida ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, iyo UTP) sida isha tamarta halka synthases aysan samayn.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida laga soo xigtay Guddiga Wadajirka ah ee Nomenclature Biochemical (JCBN), "synthase"